[Hitupmã'ax: intercultural education and specific health care for the Maxakali people]. / Hitupmã'ax: educação intercultural e atendimento diferenciado à saúde do povo maxakali.

This study analyzed an artifact (a book on health) conceived by the Maxakali people, called Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Parallel to the project for the production of this book, the aim was to understand the negotiation of public health in Brazil from a historical and intercultural perspective of non-Western epistemologies. It was found that the construction of the Maxakali work represented an effort to bridge the gap in the perception of health and health care between indigenous and non-indigenous people. This was then used to demonstrate the importance of this intercultural project for the shaping of public policies for indigenous people in general and particularly for the promotion of the history, knowledge, and culture of the Maxakali people.

Este trabalho analisou um artefato (um livro de saúde) concebido pelo povo maxakali, denominado Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Tangenciado o projeto de produção do livro, o objetivo foi entender o processo de negociação da saúde pública no Brasil, dentro de uma perspectiva histórica e intercultural das epistemologias não ocidentais. Constatamos que a construção da obra maxakali representa um esforço para diminuir a distância da percepção e dos cuidados de saúde entre indígenas e não indígenas, e por essa via demonstramos a importância desse projeto intercultural para a efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para o público indígena em geral e, especificamenete, para a promoção da história, dos saberes e da cultura maxakali.

Hitupmã'ax: educação intercultural e atendimento diferenciado à saúde do povo maxakali / Hitupmã'ax: intercultural education and specific health care for the Maxakali people

Resumo Este trabalho analisou um artefato (um livro de saúde) concebido pelo povo maxakali, denominado Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Tangenciado o projeto de produção do livro, o objetivo foi entender o processo de negociação da saúde pública no Brasil, dentro de uma perspectiva histórica e intercultural das epistemologias não ocidentais. Constatamos que a construção da obra maxakali representa um esforço para diminuir a distância da percepção e dos cuidados de saúde entre indígenas e não indígenas, e por essa via demonstramos a importância desse projeto intercultural para a efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para o público indígena em geral e, especificamenete, para a promoção da história, dos saberes e da cultura maxakali.

Abstract This study analyzed an artifact (a book on health) conceived by the Maxakali people, called Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Parallel to the project for the production of this book, the aim was to understand the negotiation of public health in Brazil from a historical and intercultural perspective of non-Western epistemologies. It was found that the construction of the Maxakali work represented an effort to bridge the gap in the perception of health and health care between indigenous and non-indigenous people. This was then used to demonstrate the importance of this intercultural project for the shaping of public policies for indigenous people in general and particularly for the promotion of the history, knowledge, and culture of the Maxakali people.

Putting the market in its place: food security in three Mapuche communities in southern Chile.

This article analyzes the impact of state policies since the 1970s on household food security in several Mapuche communities in the Araucanía region of Chile (Region IX). The author highlights key transformations in the national economy and food system and endeavors to link those to local phenomena, in particular the absorption of the local livelihood strategies and food systems into capitalist markets and the high incidences of food insecurity. The article concludes that a reconceptualization of macroeconomic and indigenous policies are required to rebuild the material and social foundations of rural Mapuche communities that provide the bases from which their inhabitants can reconstruct a mutually beneficial relationship with the broader Chilean society and avert the continued acceleration of tension and violence.

¿Qué es racismo?: awareness of racism and discrimination in Ecuador.

In the national consciousness, Ecuador is a mestizo nation. However, it is also an ethnically diverse nation with sizable minorities of indigenous and Afrodescended peoples. In national surveys, there is also a considerable minority who self-identify as blanco (white). Although there is strong evidence of continuing discrimination and prejudice toward both indigenous and Afro-descended peoples, there is little public discussion or political action addressing such issues. The emergence of a powerful and resilient indigenous movement in the late 1980s gained international interest and acclaim in the 1990s, in part because of the peaceful mobilization efforts and effective bargaining tactics of the movement. However, indigenous leaders usually have not engaged in a discourse of racismo and/or discriminación. There has been much less social movement solidarity and activism among Afro-Ecuadorians, but their leaders commonly employ a discourse of racismo and discriminación. In August and September 2004, a survey of more than eight thousand adult Ecuadorians was conducted in regard to racism and related topics. In this research, we use several measures from this survey that focus on awareness of and sensitivity to issues of racism, prejudice, and discrimination. Self-identification of respondents enables us to contrast the responses of whites, mestizos, Indians, and Afro-Ecuadorians to the measures. Other independent variables of interest are level of education, the region in which the respondent resides, and whether the respondent lives in an urban or rural area. Regression results show differences among the ethnic groups in levels of awareness of racism, but more powerful predictors are level of education and rural residence.

The demise of the American Indios.

This symposium takes as its point of departure two books by Massimo Livi Bacci, Conquest and El Dorado in the Marshes, published in English in 2008 and 2010. Livi Bacci assesses widely varying estimates of the demographic dimensions of the collapse of the Native populations following their contact with Europeans and elucidates the proximate causes of that catastrophe. Drawing on models that combine production potential with demography, environment, and technology, Shripad Tuljapurkar discusses analogous historical experiences of the populations of Polynesia and the social transformation they entailed. David S. Reher argues that explanations of the estimated demographic dynamics need to take into account the negative fertility responses of the Indigenous population to the disruption of their traditional way of life. Focusing on the biological aspects of immunity to diseases such as smallpox, Andrew Noymer demonstrates that infectious diseases alone could not account for the Indios' population collapse. The contributions to this symposium are based on presentations at a session at the 2010 annual meeting of the Population Association of America, held in Dallas, Texas, that examined the demographic consequences of the Spanish conquest of the Caribbean region and of South America in light of the two books.

Os indígenas nas informações censitárias: potencialidades e limitações com base em um estudo de caso sobre os Xavante, Mato Grosso

Os censos demográficos constituem fontes de informação fundamentais para o conhecimento das realidades sócio demográficas de um país, inclusive do componente saúde, de modo que são imprescindíveis para as atividades de planejamento de políticas públicas. Esta tese apresenta análises demográfico antropológicas com base em informações censitárias coletadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) sobre um povo indígena específico, qual seja, os Xavante, cujas Terras Indígenas (T.I.) se situam no leste de Mato Grosso. Para tal, foram utilizados sobretudo dados derivados do Censo Demográfico 2000, complementados em algumas análises com micro dados do Censo 1991. A partir deste estudo de caso, discute-se as potencialidades e as limitações das bases censitárias para fins da caracterização do perfil demográfico de etnias indígenas específicas no Brasil. A tese está estruturada na forma de artigos (Capítulos 4, 5 e 6), dos quais os dois primeiros já foram publicados. No Capítulo 1 é feita uma revisão da literatura acerca dos critérios de captação da população indígena nos censos nacionais e o comportamento sociodemográficos dos indígenas com base dos Censos 1991 e 2000. No Capítulo 2 é descrita a população analisada, assim como as fontes de informações censitárias e os métodos utilizados para obtenção da população, como também metodologias específicas com vistas à mensuração de indicadores demográficos. O Capitulo 3 apresenta elementos demográficos, baseados nos dados censitários de 1991 e 2000, relevantes para situar e contextualizar os achados detalhados nos artigos que compõem a tese...

Ethnicity, development and gender: Tsáchila indigenous women in Ecuador.

In recent decades, indigenous populations have become the subjects and agents of development in national and international multicultural policy that acknowledges poverty among indigenous peoples and their historic marginalization from power over development. Although the impact of these legal and programmatic efforts is growing, one persistent axis of disadvantage, male­female difference, is rarely taken into account in ethno-development policy and practice. This article argues that assumptions that inform policy related to indigenous women fail to engage with indigenous women's development concerns. The institutional separation between gender and development policy (GAD) and multiculturalism means that provisions for gender in multicultural policies are inadequate, and ethnic rights in GAD policies are invisible. Drawing on post-colonial feminism, the paper examines ethnicity and gender as interlocking systems that structure indigenous women's development experiences. These arguments are illustrated in relation to the case of the Tsáchila ethno-cultural group in the South American country of Ecuador.

[Hygiene and health preservation in the Luso-Brazilian medicine of the 18th century]. / Higiene e conservação da saúde no pensamento médico Luso-Brasileiro do século XVIII.

The present article analyzes the problematic of hygiene in the Luso-Brazilian medicine during the second half of 18th century. The chosen context to analysis is related to the changes of medical thought in Portugal along the period related to the appropriation of medical theories that circulated around the Enlightenment Europe. Besides, this paper approaches the ideas presented in medicine treatises of that time related to body care and health conservation, calling attention to the central role of hygiene along that period.

We are Originarios "we just aren't from here": coca leaf and identity politics in the Chapare, Bolivia.

This article first examines the ways in which coca leaf acquired an important symbolic value in forging a counter-hegemonic discourse that wove together various strands of class and cultural identity struggles in the Chapare province, Bolivia. The second line of enquiry that runs through this article deals with the conflicts that arose when the coca union mutated into a governing political party. Now that the coca growers' leader, Evo Morales, is President of the Republic he is obliged by the international community to reduce the amount of land under coca cultivation. To do this President Morales has had to rhetorically pull coca leaf apart from Andean tradition. This presents a challenge to the integrity of indigenous-peasant based movements in the Chapare because it brings attention to their constructed nature and thus questions the authenticity of the originario identity.

Cooperatives for "fair globalization"? Indigenous people, cooperatives, and corporate social responsibility in the Brazilian Amazon.

Cooperatives and socially responsible corporations are being hailed as possible correctives to the socioeconomic and ecological exploitation of transnational capitalism. AmazonCoop­a cooperative linking indigenous Brazil nut harvesters and the multinational firm The Body Shop through trade and development projects­capitalized on indigenous symbolism to generate significant material benefits for both parties. At the same time, however, it made indigenous people more vulnerable and dependent, failed to promote participatory development, masked the effects of unfavorable state policies, and perpetuated discriminatory distinctions among indigenous people. Furthermore, the cooperative did not provide an organizational framework to ameliorate the vulnerabilities of indigenous identity politics or transform symbolic capital into enduring political-economic change. This case strongly supports arguments that cooperatives must be rooted in participation, democratic member control, and autonomy if they are to promote "fair globalization" or social transformation rather than institutionalize existing patterns of exploitation.

"We have always lived here": indigenous movements, citizenship and poverty in Argentina.

This article explores the nexus between indigenous mobilisation, citizenship, and poverty in Argentina. A subnational comparison of land struggles among the Diaguita Calchaqu in Tucumn and the Mbya Guaran in Misiones shows that changing global and national opportunity structures, most prominently a new multicultural citizenship regime, set the stage for indigenous mobilisation. In turn, local transformations of capitalist development motivate indigenous mobilising efforts, whereas leadership patterns and state-movement relations shape the capacity to mobilise. Diaguita and Mbya mobilisation reveals that indigenous movements play a central role in the activation of formal citizenship rights and the contestation of dominant notions of poverty. At the same time, the current design of multicultural citizenship and the adverse socioeconomic incorporation of indigenous communities also counteract indigenous mobilising efforts in Argentina.

[Sciences and races in Brazil ca. 1900]. / Las ciencias y las razas en Brasil hacia 1900.

This paper attempts to provide a general overview about the way in which Brazilian medicine and physical anthropology gave a naturalistic approach to the idea of race and to the "problem" posed by the mixture of races in the country during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, coinciding with the introduction of evolutionism in Brazil.

História dos índios no Brasil / History of indians in Brazil

História dos Índios no Brasil é um esforço inédito de divulgação dos conhecimentos mais atuais sobre a história dos índios, com forte destaque para a população indígena da Amazônia. A coletânea oferece ao grande público a oportunidade de ter acesso às principais questões ligadas à presença dos povos indígenas no Brasil, como, por exemplo, as novas teorias sobre a origem do homem americano. Apresentado de forma extremamente bem cuidada, com 611 páginas encadernadas em capa dura, História dos Índios no Brasil dá grande importância à iconografia, trazendo documentos pouco conhecidos e inéditos, além de mapas ilustrativos e vinhetas alusivas à cultura material dos povos indígenas destacados nos estudos. É uma obra de referência única, indispensável, afinada com a nova política educacional do país, que valoriza a pluralidade cultural como o mais importante patrimônio do Brasil.